Typology
Typology (Greek typo “model” and logy “to speak’) is based on a view of the world familiar from Plato's metaphysics called essentialism. Essentialism is the idea that world is divided into real, discontinuous and immutable ‘kinds’. This idea is the basis for most typological constructions, particularly of stone artefacts where essential forms are often thought of as ‘mental templates’, or combinations of traits that are favoured by the maker. Variation in artifact form and attributes is seen as a consequence of the imperfect realization of the template, and is usually attributed to differences in raw material properties or individuals' technical competences.
In the middle of the twentieth century, German photographers Bernd and Hilla Becher raised typology to an art form by photographing countless similar architectural features including water towers, workers' houses and industrial landscapes. They documented their work in books.
Topography
Topography (Greek topos, "place", and graphia, "writing") is the study of Earth's surface features or those of planets, moons, and asteroids.
In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also vegetative and human-made features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of Topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe.
For the purposes of this article, topography specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms. This is also known as geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour lines, Hypsometric tints, and relief shading.
Psychogeography
Psychogeography (Greek Psycho,"mental " and geography, "earth describe-write ") is the study of the specific effects of the geographical environment , consciously organised or not, on the emotions and behaviour of individuals.
The word 'psychogeogrphical' described that which "manifests the geographic environment direct emotional effects" and a 'psychogeographer' was simply "one who explores and reports on psychogeographical phenomena."*
*Ano, Definitions', In Andredti and Costa, Theory of the Derive, 1996. P.P. 69
Firts published in: International Situationist, No.1. June 1958 P.P 13-14